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• Introduction to zeilberger: | ||
• Functions and Variables for zeilberger: |
Next: Functions and Variables for zeilberger, Previous: zeilberger-pkg, Up: zeilberger-pkg [Contents][Index]
zeilberger
is a implementation of Zeilberger’s algorithm
for definite hypergeometric summation, and also
Gosper’s algorithm for indefinite hypergeometric
summation.
zeilberger
makes use of the "filtering" optimization method developed by Axel Riese.
zeilberger
was developed by Fabrizio Caruso.
load ("zeilberger")
loads this package.
Categories: Sums and products Share packages Package zeilberger
zeilberger
implements Gosper’s algorithm for indefinite hypergeometric summation.
Given a hypergeometric term F_k in k we want to find its hypergeometric
anti-difference, that is, a hypergeometric term f_k such that
F_k = f_(k+1) - f_k.
zeilberger
implements Zeilberger’s algorithm for definite hypergeometric summation.
Given a proper hypergeometric term (in n and k)
F_(n,k)
and a positive integer d we want to find a d-th order linear
recurrence with polynomial coefficients (in n) for
F_(n,k)
and a rational function R in n and k such that
a_0 F_(n,k) + ... + a_d F_(n+d),k = Delta_k(R(n,k) F_(n,k)),
where Delta_k is the k-forward difference operator, i.e., Delta_k(t_k) := t_(k+1) - t_k.
There are also verbose versions of the commands which are called by adding one of the following prefixes:
Summary
Just a summary at the end is shown
Verbose
Some information in the intermidiate steps
VeryVerbose
More information
Extra
Even more information including information on the linear system in Zeilberger’s algorithm
For example:
GosperVerbose
, parGosperVeryVerbose
,
ZeilbergerExtra
, AntiDifferenceSummary
.
Previous: Introduction to zeilberger, Up: zeilberger-pkg [Contents][Index]
Returns the hypergeometric anti-difference of F_k, if it exists.
Otherwise AntiDifference
returns no_hyp_antidifference
.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Returns the rational certificate R(k) for F_k, that is,
a rational function such that
F_k = R(k+1) F_(k+1) - R(k) F_k,
if it exists.
Otherwise, Gosper
returns no_hyp_sol
.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Returns the summmation of F_k from k = a to k = b
if F_k has a hypergeometric anti-difference.
Otherwise, GosperSum
returns nongosper_summable
.
Examples:
(%i1) load ("zeilberger")$
(%i2) GosperSum ((-1)^k*k / (4*k^2 - 1), k, 1, n); Dependent equations eliminated: (1) 3 n + 1 (n + -) (- 1) 2 1 (%o2) - ------------------ - - 2 4 2 (4 (n + 1) - 1)
(%i3) GosperSum (1 / (4*k^2 - 1), k, 1, n); 3 - n - - 2 1 (%o3) -------------- + - 2 2 4 (n + 1) - 1
(%i4) GosperSum (x^k, k, 1, n); n + 1 x x (%o4) ------ - ----- x - 1 x - 1
(%i5) GosperSum ((-1)^k*a! / (k!*(a - k)!), k, 1, n); n + 1 a! (n + 1) (- 1) a! (%o5) - ------------------------- - ---------- a (- n + a - 1)! (n + 1)! a (a - 1)!
(%i6) GosperSum (k*k!, k, 1, n); Dependent equations eliminated: (1) (%o6) (n + 1)! - 1
(%i7) GosperSum ((k + 1)*k! / (k + 1)!, k, 1, n); (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 1)! (%o7) ------------------------ - 1 (n + 2)!
(%i8) GosperSum (1 / ((a - k)!*k!), k, 1, n); (%o8) NON_GOSPER_SUMMABLE
Categories: Package zeilberger
Attempts to find a d-th order recurrence for F_(n,k).
The algorithm yields a sequence [s_1, s_2, ..., s_m] of solutions. Each solution has the form
[R(n, k), [a_0, a_1, ..., a_d]].
parGosper
returns []
if it fails to find a recurrence.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Attempts to compute the indefinite hypergeometric summation of F_(n,k).
Zeilberger
first invokes Gosper
, and if that fails to find a solution, then invokes
parGosper
with order 1, 2, 3, ..., up to MAX_ORD
.
If Zeilberger finds a solution before reaching MAX_ORD
,
it stops and returns the solution.
The algorithms yields a sequence [s_1, s_2, ..., s_m] of solutions. Each solution has the form
[R(n,k), [a_0, a_1, ..., a_d]].
Zeilberger
returns []
if it fails to find a solution.
Zeilberger
invokes Gosper
only if Gosper_in_Zeilberger
is true
.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: 5
MAX_ORD
is the maximum recurrence order attempted by Zeilberger
.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: false
When simplified_output
is true
,
functions in the zeilberger
package attempt
further simplification of the solution.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: linsolve
linear_solver
names the solver which is used to solve the system
of equations in Zeilberger’s algorithm.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: true
When warnings
is true
,
functions in the zeilberger
package print
warning messages during execution.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: true
When Gosper_in_Zeilberger
is true
,
the Zeilberger
function calls Gosper
before calling parGosper
.
Otherwise, Zeilberger
goes immediately to parGosper
.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: true
When trivial_solutions
is true
,
Zeilberger
returns solutions
which have certificate equal to zero, or all coefficients equal to zero.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: false
When mod_test
is true
,
parGosper
executes a
modular test for discarding systems with no solutions.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: linsolve
modular_linear_solver
names the linear solver used by the modular test in parGosper
.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: big_primes[10]
ev_point
is the value at which the variable n is evaluated
when executing the modular test in parGosper
.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: big_primes[1]
mod_big_prime
is the modulus used by the modular test in parGosper
.
Categories: Package zeilberger
Default value: 4
mod_threshold
is the
greatest order for which the modular test in parGosper
is attempted.
Categories: Package zeilberger
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