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38 contrib_ode


38.1 Introduction to contrib_ode

Maxima’s ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver ode2 solves elementary linear ODEs of first and second order. The function contrib_ode extends ode2 with additional methods for linear and non-linear first order ODEs and linear homogeneous second order ODEs. The code is still under development and the calling sequence may change in future releases. Once the code has stabilized it may be moved from the contrib directory and integrated into Maxima.

This package must be loaded with the command load("contrib_ode") before use.

The calling convention for contrib_ode is identical to ode2. It takes three arguments: an ODE (only the left hand side need be given if the right hand side is 0), the dependent variable, and the independent variable. When successful, it returns a list of solutions.

The form of the solution differs from ode2. As non-linear equations can have multiple solutions, contrib_ode returns a list of solutions. Each solution can have a number of forms:

%c is used to represent the constant of integration for first order equations. %k1 and %k2 are the constants for second order equations. If contrib_ode cannot obtain a solution for whatever reason, it returns false, after perhaps printing out an error message.

It is necessary to return a list of solutions, as even first order non-linear ODEs can have multiple solutions. For example:

(%i1) load("contrib_ode")$
(%i2) eqn:x*'diff(y,x)^2-(1+x*y)*'diff(y,x)+y=0;

                    dy 2             dy
(%o2)            x (--)  - (x y + 1) -- + y = 0
                    dx               dx
(%i3) contrib_ode(eqn,y,x);
                                             x
(%o3)             [y = log(x) + %c, y = %c %e ]
(%i4) method;
(%o4)                        factor

Nonlinear ODEs can have singular solutions without constants of integration, as in the second solution of the following example:

(%i1) load("contrib_ode")$
(%i2) eqn:'diff(y,x)^2+x*'diff(y,x)-y=0;
                       dy 2     dy
(%o2)                 (--)  + x -- - y = 0
                       dx       dx
(%i3) contrib_ode(eqn,y,x);
                                           2
                                 2        x
(%o3)              [y = %c x + %c , y = - --]
                                          4
(%i4) method;
(%o4)                       clairault

The following ODE has two parametric solutions in terms of the dummy variable %t. In this case the parametric solutions can be manipulated to give explicit solutions.

(%i1) load("contrib_ode")$
(%i2) eqn:'diff(y,x)=(x+y)^2;

                          dy          2
(%o2)                     -- = (y + x)
                          dx
(%i3) contrib_ode(eqn,y,x);
(%o3) [[x = %c - atan(sqrt(%t)), y = - x - sqrt(%t)], 
                     [x = atan(sqrt(%t)) + %c, y = sqrt(%t) - x]]
(%i4) method;
(%o4)                       lagrange

The following example (Kamke 1.112) demonstrates an implicit solution.

(%i1) load("contrib_ode")$
(%i2) assume(x>0,y>0);
(%o2)                    [x > 0, y > 0]
(%i3) eqn:x*'diff(y,x)-x*sqrt(y^2+x^2)-y;

                     dy           2    2
(%o3)              x -- - x sqrt(y  + x ) - y
                     dx
(%i4) contrib_ode(eqn,y,x);
                                  y
(%o4)                  [x - asinh(-) = %c]
                                  x
(%i5) method;
(%o5)                          lie

The following Riccati equation is transformed into a linear second order ODE in the variable %u. Maxima is unable to solve the new ODE, so it is returned unevaluated.

(%i1) load("contrib_ode")$
(%i2) eqn:x^2*'diff(y,x)=a+b*x^n+c*x^2*y^2;

                    2 dy      2  2      n
(%o2)              x  -- = c x  y  + b x  + a
                      dx
(%i3) contrib_ode(eqn,y,x);

               d%u
               ---                            2
               dx        2     n - 2   a     d %u
(%o3)  [[y = - ----, %u c  (b x      + --) + ---- c = 0]]
               %u c                     2      2
                                       x     dx
(%i4) method;
(%o4)                        riccati

For first order ODEs contrib_ode calls ode2. It then tries the following methods: factorization, Clairault, Lagrange, Riccati, Abel and Lie symmetry methods. The Lie method is not attempted on Abel equations if the Abel method fails, but it is tried if the Riccati method returns an unsolved second order ODE.

For second order ODEs contrib_ode calls ode2 then odelin.

Extensive debugging traces and messages are displayed if the command put('contrib_ode,true,'verbose) is executed.


38.2 Functions and Variables for contrib_ode

Function: contrib_ode (eqn, y, x)

Returns a list of solutions of the ODE eqn with independent variable x and dependent variable y.

Function: odelin (eqn, y, x)

odelin solves linear homogeneous ODEs of first and second order with independent variable x and dependent variable y. It returns a fundamental solution set of the ODE.

For second order ODEs, odelin uses a method, due to Bronstein and Lafaille, that searches for solutions in terms of given special functions.

(%i1) load("contrib_ode");

(%i2) odelin(x*(x+1)*'diff(y,x,2)+(x+5)*'diff(y,x,1)+(-4)*y,y,x);
...trying factor method
...solving 7 equations in 4 variables
...trying the Bessel solver
...solving 1 equations in 2 variables
...trying the F01 solver
...solving 1 equations in 3 variables
...trying the spherodial wave solver
...solving 1 equations in 4 variables
...trying the square root Bessel solver
...solving 1 equations in 2 variables
...trying the 2F1 solver
...solving 9 equations in 5 variables
       gauss_a(- 6, - 2, - 3, - x)  gauss_b(- 6, - 2, - 3, - x)
(%o2) {---------------------------, ---------------------------}
                    4                            4
                   x                            x
Function: ode_check (eqn, soln)

Returns the value of ODE eqn after substituting a possible solution soln. The value is equivalent to zero if soln is a solution of eqn.

(%i1) load("contrib_ode")$
(%i2) eqn:'diff(y,x,2)+(a*x+b)*y;

                         2
                        d y
(%o2)                   --- + (a x + b) y
                          2
                        dx
(%i3) ans:[y = bessel_y(1/3,2*(a*x+b)^(3/2)/(3*a))*%k2*sqrt(a*x+b)
         +bessel_j(1/3,2*(a*x+b)^(3/2)/(3*a))*%k1*sqrt(a*x+b)];

                                  3/2
                    1  2 (a x + b)
(%o3) [y = bessel_y(-, --------------) %k2 sqrt(a x + b)
                    3       3 a
                                          3/2
                            1  2 (a x + b)
                 + bessel_j(-, --------------) %k1 sqrt(a x + b)]
                            3       3 a
(%i4) ode_check(eqn,ans[1]);
(%o4)                           0
System variable: method

The variable method is set to the successful solution method.

Variable: %c

%c is the integration constant for first order ODEs.

Variable: %k1

%k1 is the first integration constant for second order ODEs.

Variable: %k2

%k2 is the second integration constant for second order ODEs.

Function: gauss_a (a, b, c, x)

gauss_a(a,b,c,x) and gauss_b(a,b,c,x) are 2F1 geometric functions. They represent any two independent solutions of the hypergeometric differential equation x(1-x) diff(y,x,2) + [c-(a+b+1)x diff(y,x) - aby = 0 (A&S 15.5.1).

The only use of these functions is in solutions of ODEs returned by odelin and contrib_ode. The definition and use of these functions may change in future releases of Maxima.

See also gauss_b, dgauss_a and gauss_b.

Function: gauss_b (a, b, c, x)

See gauss_a.

Function: dgauss_a (a, b, c, x)

The derivative with respect to x of gauss_a(a, b, c, x).

Function: dgauss_b (a, b, c, x)

The derivative with respect to x of gauss_b(a, b, c, x).

Function: kummer_m (a, b, x)

Kummer’s M function, as defined in Abramowitz and Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Section 13.1.2.

The only use of this function is in solutions of ODEs returned by odelin and contrib_ode. The definition and use of this function may change in future releases of Maxima.

See also kummer_u, dkummer_m and dkummer_u.

Function: kummer_u (a, b, x)

Kummer’s U function, as defined in Abramowitz and Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Section 13.1.3.

See kummer_m.

Function: dkummer_m (a, b, x)

The derivative with respect to x of kummer_m(a, b, x).

Function: dkummer_u (a, b, x)

The derivative with respect to x of kummer_u(a, b, x).


38.3 Possible improvements to contrib_ode

These routines are work in progress. I still need to:


38.4 Test cases for contrib_ode

The routines have been tested on a approximately one thousand test cases from Murphy, Kamke, Zwillinger and elsewhere. These are included in the tests subdirectory.


38.5 References for contrib_ode

  1. E. Kamke, Differentialgleichungen Losungsmethoden und Losungen, Vol 1, Geest & Portig, Leipzig, 1961
  2. G. M. Murphy, Ordinary Differential Equations and Their Solutions, Van Nostrand, New York, 1960
  3. D. Zwillinger, Handbook of Differential Equations, 3rd edition, Academic Press, 1998
  4. F. Schwarz, Symmetry Analysis of Abel’s Equation, Studies in Applied Mathematics, 100:269-294 (1998)
  5. F. Schwarz, Algorithmic Solution of Abel’s Equation, Computing 61, 39-49 (1998)
  6. E. S. Cheb-Terrab, A. D. Roche, Symmetries and First Order ODE Patterns, Computer Physics Communications 113 (1998), p 239.
    (http://lie.uwaterloo.ca/papers/ode_vii.pdf)
  7. E. S. Cheb-Terrab, T. Kolokolnikov, First Order ODEs, Symmetries and Linear Transformations, European Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 231-246 (2003).
    (http://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0007023, http://lie.uwaterloo.ca/papers/ode_iv.pdf)
  8. G. W. Bluman, S. C. Anco, Symmetry and Integration Methods for Differential Equations, Springer, (2002)
  9. M. Bronstein, S. Lafaille, Solutions of linear ordinary differential equations in terms of special functions, Proceedings of ISSAC 2002, Lille, ACM Press, 23-28.

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