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Function gr2d
builds an object describing a 2D scene. Arguments are
graphic options, graphic objects, or lists containing both graphic options and objects.
This scene is interpreted sequentially: graphic options affect those graphic objects
placed on its right. Some graphic options affect the global appearance of the scene.
This is the list of graphic objects available for scenes in two dimensions:
bars
, ellipse
, explicit
, image
, implicit
, label
,
parametric
, points
, polar
, polygon
, quadrilateral
,
rectangle
, triangle
, vector
and geomap
(this one defined in package worldmap
).
(%i1) draw( gr2d( key="sin (x)",grid=[2,2], explicit( sin(x), x,0,2*%pi ) ), gr2d( key="cos (x)",grid=[2,2], explicit( cos(x), x,0,2*%pi ) ) ); (%o1) [gr2d(explicit), gr2d(explicit)]
Function gr3d
builds an object describing a 3d scene. Arguments are
graphic options, graphic objects, or lists containing both graphic options
and objects. This scene is interpreted sequentially: graphic options affect those
graphic objects placed on its right. Some graphic options affect the global
appearance of the scene.
This is the list of graphic objects available for scenes in three
dimensions:
cylindrical
, elevation_grid
, explicit
, implicit
,
label
, mesh
, parametric
,
parametric_surface
, points
, quadrilateral
,
spherical
, triangle
, tube
,
vector
, and geomap
(this one defined in package worldmap
).
<arg_1>, ...
) ¶Plots a series of scenes; its arguments are gr2d
and/or gr3d
objects, together with some options, or lists of scenes and options.
By default, the scenes are put together
in one column.
Besides scenes the function draw
accepts the following global options:
terminal
, columns
, dimensions
, file_name
and delay
.
Functions draw2d
and draw3d
short cuts that can be used
when only one scene is required, in two or three dimensions, respectively.
Examples:
(%i1) scene1: gr2d(title="Ellipse", nticks=300, parametric(2*cos(t),5*sin(t),t,0,2*%pi))$ (%i2) scene2: gr2d(title="Triangle", polygon([4,5,7],[6,4,2]))$ (%i3) draw(scene1, scene2, columns = 2)$
(%i1) scene1: gr2d(title="A sinus", grid=true, explicit(sin(t),t,0,2*%pi))$ (%i2) scene2: gr2d(title="A cosinus", grid=true, explicit(cos(t),t,0,2*%pi))$ (%i3) draw(scene1, scene2)$
The following two draw sentences are equivalent:
(%i1) draw(gr3d(explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1))); (%o1) [gr3d(explicit)] (%i2) draw3d(explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1)); (%o2) [gr3d(explicit)]
Creating an animated gif file:
(%i1) draw( delay = 100, file_name = "zzz", terminal = 'animated_gif, gr2d(explicit(x^2,x,-1,1)), gr2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1)), gr2d(explicit(x^4,x,-1,1))); End of animation sequence (%o1) [gr2d(explicit), gr2d(explicit), gr2d(explicit)]
See also gr2d
, gr3d
, draw2d
and draw3d
.
This function is a shortcut for
draw(gr2d(options, ..., graphic_object, ...))
.
It can be used to plot a unique scene in 2d, as can be seen in most examples below.
This function is a shortcut for
draw(gr3d(options, ..., graphic_object, ...))
.
It can be used to plot a unique scene in 3d, as can be seen in many examples below.
Saves the current plot into a file. Accepted graphics options are:
terminal
, dimensions
and file_name
.
Example:
(%i1) /* screen plot */ draw(gr3d(explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1)))$ (%i2) /* same plot in eps format */ draw_file(terminal = eps, dimensions = [5,5]) $
This function enables Maxima to work in one-window multiplot mode with terminal
term; accepted arguments for this function are screen
,
wxt
, aquaterm
, windows
and none
.
When multiplot mode is enabled, each call to draw
sends a new plot to the
same window, without erasing the previous ones. To disable the multiplot mode,
write multiplot_mode(none)
.
When multiplot mode is enabled, global option terminal
is blocked and you
have to disable this working mode before changing to another terminal.
On Windows this feature requires Gnuplot 5.0 or newer.
Note, that just plotting multiple expressions into the same plot doesn’t require
multiplot: It can be done by just issuing multiple explicit
or similar
commands in a row.
Example:
(%i1) set_draw_defaults( xrange = [-1,1], yrange = [-1,1], grid = true, title = "Step by step plot" )$ (%i2) multiplot_mode(screen)$ (%i3) draw2d(color=blue, explicit(x^2,x,-1,1))$ (%i4) draw2d(color=red, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1))$ (%i5) draw2d(color=brown, explicit(x^4,x,-1,1))$ (%i6) multiplot_mode(none)$
Sets user graphics options. This function is useful for plotting a sequence of graphics with common graphics options. Calling this function without arguments removes user defaults.
Example:
(%i1) set_draw_defaults( xrange = [-10,10], yrange = [-2, 2], color = blue, grid = true)$ (%i2) /* plot with user defaults */ draw2d(explicit(((1+x)**2/(1+x*x))-1,x,-10,10))$ (%i3) set_draw_defaults()$ (%i4) /* plot with standard defaults */ draw2d(explicit(((1+x)**2/(1+x*x))-1,x,-10,10))$
Default value: 10
adapt_depth
is the maximum number of splittings used by the adaptive plotting routine.
This option is relevant only for 2d explicit
functions.
See also nticks
Default value: false
With option allocation
it is possible to place a scene in the
output window at will; this is of interest in multiplots. When false
,
the scene is placed automatically, depending on the value assigned to option
columns
. In any other case, allocation
must be set to a list of
two pairs of numbers; the first corresponds to the position of the lower left
corner of the scene, and the second pair gives the width and height of the plot.
All quantities must be given in relative coordinates, between 0 and 1.
Examples:
In site graphics.
(%i1) draw( gr2d( explicit(x^2,x,-1,1)), gr2d( allocation = [[1/4, 1/4],[1/2, 1/2]], explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), grid = true) ) $
Multiplot with selected dimensions.
(%i1) draw( terminal = wxt, gr2d( grid=[5,5], allocation = [[0, 0],[1, 1/4]], explicit(x^2,x,-1,1)), gr3d( allocation = [[0, 1/4],[1, 3/4]], explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1) ))$
See also option columns
.
Default value: true
If axis_3d
is true
, the x, y and z axis are shown in 3d scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(axis_3d = false, explicit(sin(x^2+y^2),x,-2,2,y,-2,2) )$
See also axis_bottom
, axis_left
, axis_top
, and axis_right
for axis in 2d.
Default value: true
If axis_bottom
is true
, the bottom axis is shown in 2d scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(axis_bottom = false, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1))$
See also axis_left
, axis_top
, axis_right
and axis_3d
.
Default value: true
If axis_left
is true
, the left axis is shown in 2d scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(axis_left = false, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1))$
See also axis_bottom
, axis_top
, axis_right
and axis_3d
.
Default value: true
If axis_right
is true
, the right axis is shown in 2d scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(axis_right = false, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1))$
See also axis_bottom
, axis_left
, axis_top
and axis_3d
.
Default value: true
If axis_top
is true
, the top axis is shown in 2d scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(axis_top = false, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1))$
See also axis_bottom
, axis_left
, axis_right
, and axis_3d
.
Default value: white
Sets the background color for terminals. Default background color is white.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
This option does not work with terminals epslatex
and epslatex_standalone
.
See also color
Default value: true
If border
is true
, borders of polygons are painted
according to line_type
and line_width
.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(color = brown, line_width = 8, polygon([[3,2],[7,2],[5,5]]), border = false, fill_color = blue, polygon([[5,2],[9,2],[7,5]]) )$
Default value: [false, false]
A list with two possible elements, true
and false
,
indicating whether the extremes of a graphic object tube
remain closed
or open. By default, both extremes are left open.
Setting capping = false
is equivalent to capping = [false, false]
,
and capping = true
is equivalent to capping = [true, true]
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d( capping = [false, true], tube(0, 0, a, 1, a, 0, 8) )$
Default value: auto
If cbrange
is auto
, the range for the values which are
colored when enhanced3d
is not false
is computed
automatically. Values outside of the color range use color of the
nearest extreme.
When enhanced3d
or colorbox
is false
, option cbrange
has
no effect.
If the user wants a specific interval for the colored values, it must
be given as a Maxima list, as in cbrange=[-2, 3]
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d ( enhanced3d = true, color = green, cbrange = [-3,10], explicit(x^2+y^2, x,-2,2,y,-2,2)) $
See also enhanced3d
, colorbox
and cbtics
.
Default value: auto
This graphic option controls the way tic marks are drawn on the colorbox
when option enhanced3d
is not false
.
When enhanced3d
or colorbox
is false
, option cbtics
has
no effect.
See xtics
for a complete description.
Example :
(%i1) draw3d ( enhanced3d = true, color = green, cbtics = {["High",10],["Medium",05],["Low",0]}, cbrange = [0, 10], explicit(x^2+y^2, x,-2,2,y,-2,2)) $
See also enhanced3d
, colorbox
and cbrange
.
Default value: blue
color
specifies the color for plotting lines, points, borders of
polygons and labels.
Colors can be given as names or in hexadecimal rgb code. If a gnuplot
version >= 5.0
is used and the terminal that is in use supports this
rgba colors with transparency information are also supported.
Available color names are:
white black gray0 grey0 gray10 grey10 gray20 grey20 gray30 grey30 gray40 grey40 gray50 grey50 gray60 grey60 gray70 grey70 gray80 grey80 gray90 grey90 gray100 grey100 gray grey light_gray light_grey dark_gray dark_grey red light_red dark_red yellow light_yellow dark_yellow green light_green dark_green spring_green forest_green sea_green blue light_blue dark_blue midnight_blue navy medium_blue royalblue skyblue cyan light_cyan dark_cyan magenta light_magenta dark_magenta turquoise light_turquoise dark_turquoise pink light_pink dark_pink coral light_coral orange_red salmon light_salmon dark_salmon aquamarine khaki dark_khaki goldenrod light_goldenrod dark_goldenrod gold beige brown orange dark_orange violet dark_violet plum purple
Cromatic components in hexadecimal code are introduced in the form "#rrggbb"
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^2,x,-1,1), /* default is black */ color = red, explicit(0.5 + x^2,x,-1,1), color = blue, explicit(1 + x^2,x,-1,1), color = light_blue, explicit(1.5 + x^2,x,-1,1), color = "#23ab0f", label(["This is a label",0,1.2]) )$
(%i1) draw2d( line_width=50, color="#FF0000", explicit(sin(x),x,0,10), color="#0000FF80", explicit(cos(x),x,0,10) );
(%i1) H(p,p_0) := %i/(2*%pi*(p-p_0))$ (%i2) draw2d( proportional_axes=xy, ip_grid=[150,150], grid=true, makelist( [ color=printf(false,"#~2,'0x~2,'0x~2,'0x",i*10,0,0), key_pos=top_left, key = if mod(i,5)=0 then sconcat("H=",i,"A/M") else "", implicit( cabs(H(x+%i*y,-1-%i)+H(x+%i*y,1+%i)-H(x+%i*y,1-%i) -H(x+%i*y,-1+%i))=i/10, x,-3,3, y,-3,3 ) ], i,1,25 ) )$
(%i1) draw2d( "figures/draw_color4", makelist( [ color=i, key=sconcat("color =",i), explicit(sin(i*x),x,0,1) ], i,0,17 ) )$
See also fill_color
.
Default value: true
If colorbox
is true
, a color scale without label is drawn together with
image
2D objects, or coloured 3d objects. If colorbox
is false
, no
color scale is shown. If colorbox
is a string, a color scale with label is drawn.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
Color scale and images.
(%i1) im: apply('matrix, makelist(makelist(random(200),i,1,30),i,1,30))$ (%i2) draw( gr2d(image(im,0,0,30,30)), gr2d(colorbox = false, image(im,0,0,30,30)) )$
Color scale and 3D coloured object.
(%i1) draw3d( colorbox = "Magnitude", enhanced3d = true, explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1))$
See also palette_draw
.
Default value: 1
columns
is the number of columns in multiple plots.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description
does not matter. It can be also used as an argument of function draw
.
Example:
(%i1) scene1: gr2d(title="Ellipse", nticks=30, parametric(2*cos(t),5*sin(t),t,0,2*%pi))$ (%i2) scene2: gr2d(title="Triangle", polygon([4,5,7],[6,4,2]))$ (%i3) draw(scene1, scene2, columns = 2)$
Default value: none
Option contour
enables the user to select where to plot contour lines.
Possible values are:
none
:
no contour lines are plotted.
base
:
contour lines are projected on the xy plane.
surface
:
contour lines are plotted on the surface.
both
:
two contour lines are plotted: on the xy plane and on the surface.
map
:
contour lines are projected on the xy plane, and the view point is
set just in the vertical.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,0,2,y,-3,3), contour_levels = 15, contour = both, surface_hide = true) $
(%i1) draw3d(explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,0,2,y,-3,3), contour_levels = 15, contour = map ) $
Default value: 5
This graphic option controls the way contours are drawn.
contour_levels
can be set to a positive integer number, a list of three
numbers or an arbitrary set of numbers:
contour_levels
is bounded to positive integer n,
n contour lines will be drawn at equal intervals. By default, five
equally spaced contours are plotted.
contour_levels
is bounded to a list of length three of the
form [lowest,s,highest]
, contour lines are plotted from lowest
to highest
in steps of s
.
contour_levels
is bounded to a set of numbers of the
form {n1, n2, ...}
, contour lines are plotted at values n1
,
n2
, ...
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Examples:
Ten equally spaced contour lines. The actual number of levels can be adjusted to give simple labels.
(%i1) draw3d(color = green, explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,0,2,y,-3,3), contour_levels = 10, contour = both, surface_hide = true) $
From -8 to 8 in steps of 4.
(%i1) draw3d(color = green, explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,0,2,y,-3,3), contour_levels = [-8,4,8], contour = both, surface_hide = true) $
Isolines at levels -7, -6, 0.8 and 5.
(%i1) draw3d(color = green, explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,0,2,y,-3,3), contour_levels = {-7, -6, 0.8, 5}, contour = both, surface_hide = true) $
See also contour
.
Default value: "data.gnuplot"
This is the name of the file with the numeric data needed by Gnuplot to build the requested plot.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description
does not matter. It can be also used as an argument of function draw
.
See example in gnuplot_file_name
.
Default value: 5
This is the delay in 1/100 seconds of frames in animated gif files.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description
does not matter. It can be also used as an argument of function draw
.
Example:
(%i1) draw( delay = 100, file_name = "zzz", terminal = 'animated_gif, gr2d(explicit(x^2,x,-1,1)), gr2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1)), gr2d(explicit(x^4,x,-1,1))); End of animation sequence (%o2) [gr2d(explicit), gr2d(explicit), gr2d(explicit)]
Option delay
is only active in animated gif’s; it is ignored in
any other case.
See also terminal
, and dimensions
.
Default value: [600,500]
Dimensions of the output terminal. Its value is a list formed by the width and the height. The meaning of the two numbers depends on the terminal you are working with.
With terminals gif
, animated_gif
, png
, jpg
,
svg
, screen
, wxt
, and aquaterm
,
the integers represent the number of points in each direction. If they
are not integers, they are rounded.
With terminals eps
, eps_color
, pdf
, and
pdfcairo
, both numbers represent hundredths of cm, which
means that, by default, pictures in these formats are 6 cm in
width and 5 cm in height.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description
does not matter. It can be also used as an argument of function draw
.
Examples:
Option dimensions
applied to file output
and to wxt canvas.
(%i1) draw2d( dimensions = [300,300], terminal = 'png, explicit(x^4,x,-1,1)) $ (%i2) draw2d( dimensions = [300,300], terminal = 'wxt, explicit(x^4,x,-1,1)) $
Option dimensions
applied to eps output.
We want an eps file with A4 portrait dimensions.
(%i1) A4portrait: 100*[21, 29.7]$ (%i2) draw3d( dimensions = A4portrait, terminal = 'eps, explicit(x^2-y^2,x,-2,2,y,-2,2)) $
Default value: true
When true
, functions to be drawn are considered as complex functions whose
real part value should be plotted; when false
, nothing will be plotted when
the function does not give a real value.
This option affects objects explicit
and parametric
in 2D and 3D, and
parametric_surface
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( draw_realpart = false, explicit(sqrt(x^2 - 4*x) - x, x, -1, 5), color = red, draw_realpart = true, parametric(x,sqrt(x^2 - 4*x) - x + 1, x, -1, 5) );
Default value: none
If enhanced3d
is none
, surfaces are not colored in 3D plots.
In order to get a colored surface, a list must be assigned to option
enhanced3d
, where the first element is an expression and the rest
are the names of the variables or parameters used in that expression. A list such
[f(x,y,z), x, y, z]
means that point [x,y,z]
of the surface
is assigned number f(x,y,z)
, which will be colored according to
the actual palette
. For those 3D graphic objects defined in terms of
parameters, it is possible to define the color number in terms of
the parameters, as in [f(u), u]
, as in objects parametric
and
tube
, or [f(u,v), u, v]
, as in object parametric_surface
.
While all 3D objects admit the model based on absolute coordinates,
[f(x,y,z), x, y, z]
, only two of them, namely explicit
and elevation_grid
, accept also models defined on the [x,y]
coordinates,
[f(x,y), x, y]
. 3D graphic object implicit
accepts only the
[f(x,y,z), x, y, z]
model. Object points
accepts also the
[f(x,y,z), x, y, z]
model, but when points have a chronological nature,
model [f(k), k]
is also valid, being k
an ordering parameter.
When enhanced3d
is assigned something different to none
, options
color
and surface_hide
are ignored.
The names of the variables defined in the lists may be different to those used in the definitions of the graphic objects.
In order to maintain back compatibility, enhanced3d = false
is equivalent
to enhanced3d = none
, and enhanced3d = true
is equivalent to
enhanced3d = [z, x, y, z]
. If an expression is given to enhanced3d
,
its variables must be the same used in the surface definition. This is not
necessary when using lists.
See option palette
to learn how palettes are specified.
Examples:
explicit
object with coloring defined by the [f(x,y,z), x, y, z]
model.
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = [x-z/10,x,y,z], palette = gray, explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,-3,3,y,-3,3))$
explicit
object with coloring defined by the [f(x,y), x, y]
model.
The names of the variables defined in the lists may be different to those
used in the definitions of the graphic objects; in this case, r
corresponds
to x
, and s
to y
.
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = [sin(r*s),r,s], explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,-3,3,y,-3,3))$
parametric
object with coloring defined by the [f(x,y,z), x, y, z]
model.
(%i1) draw3d( nticks = 100, line_width = 2, enhanced3d = [if y>= 0 then 1 else 0, x, y, z], parametric(sin(u)^2,cos(u),u,u,0,4*%pi)) $
parametric
object with coloring defined by the [f(u), u]
model.
In this case, (u-1)^2
is a shortcut for [(u-1)^2,u]
.
(%i1) draw3d( nticks = 60, line_width = 3, enhanced3d = (u-1)^2, parametric(cos(5*u)^2,sin(7*u),u-2,u,0,2))$
elevation_grid
object with coloring defined by the [f(x,y), x, y]
model.
(%i1) m: apply( matrix, makelist(makelist(cos(i^2/80-k/30),k,1,30),i,1,20)) $ (%i2) draw3d( enhanced3d = [cos(x*y*10),x,y], elevation_grid(m,-1,-1,2,2), xlabel = "x", ylabel = "y");
tube
object with coloring defined by the [f(x,y,z), x, y, z]
model.
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = [cos(x-y),x,y,z], palette = gray, xu_grid = 50, tube(cos(a), a, 0, 1, a, 0, 4*%pi) )$
tube
object with coloring defined by the [f(u), u]
model.
Here, enhanced3d = -a
would be the shortcut for enhanced3d = [-foo,foo]
.
(%i1) draw3d( capping = [true, false], palette = [26,15,-2], enhanced3d = [-foo, foo], tube(a, a, a^2, 1, a, -2, 2) )$
implicit
and points
objects with coloring defined by the [f(x,y,z), x, y, z]
model.
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = [x-y,x,y,z], implicit((x^2+y^2+z^2-1)*(x^2+(y-1.5)^2+z^2-0.5)=0.015, x,-1,1,y,-1.2,2.3,z,-1,1)) $ (%i2) m: makelist([random(1.0),random(1.0),random(1.0)],k,1,2000)$
(%i3) draw3d( point_type = filled_circle, point_size = 2, enhanced3d = [u+v-w,u,v,w], points(m) ) $
When points have a chronological nature, model [f(k), k]
is also valid,
being k
an ordering parameter.
(%i1) m:makelist([random(1.0), random(1.0), random(1.0)],k,1,5)$ (%i2) draw3d( enhanced3d = [sin(j), j], point_size = 3, point_type = filled_circle, points_joined = true, points(m)) $
Default value: y
Depending on its value, which can be x
, y
, or xy
,
graphic object errors
will draw points with horizontal, vertical,
or both, error bars. When error_type=boxes
, boxes will be drawn
instead of crosses.
See also errors
.
Default value: "maxima_out"
This is the name of the file where terminals png
, jpg
, gif
,
eps
, eps_color
, pdf
, pdfcairo
and svg
will save the graphic.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description
does not matter. It can be also used as an argument of function draw
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(file_name = "myfile", explicit(x^2,x,-1,1), terminal = 'png)$
See also terminal
, dimensions_draw
.
Default value: "red"
fill_color
specifies the color for filling polygons and
2d explicit
functions.
See color
to learn how colors are specified.
Default value: 0
fill_density
is a number between 0 and 1 that specifies
the intensity of the fill_color
in bars
objects.
See bars
for examples.
Default value: false
Option filled_func
controls how regions limited by functions
should be filled. When filled_func
is true
, the region
bounded by the function defined with object explicit
and the
bottom of the graphic window is filled with fill_color
. When
filled_func
contains a function expression, then the region bounded
by this function and the function defined with object explicit
will be filled. By default, explicit functions are not filled.
A useful special case is filled_func=0
, which generates the region
bond by the horizontal axis and the explicit function.
This option affects only the 2d graphic object explicit
.
Example:
Region bounded by an explicit
object and the bottom of the
graphic window.
(%i1) draw2d(fill_color = red, filled_func = true, explicit(sin(x),x,0,10) )$
Region bounded by an explicit
object and the function
defined by option filled_func
. Note that the variable in
filled_func
must be the same as that used in explicit
.
(%i1) draw2d(fill_color = grey, filled_func = sin(x), explicit(-sin(x),x,0,%pi));
See also fill_color
and explicit
.
Default value: ""
(empty string)
This option can be used to set the font face to be used by the terminal. Only one font face and size can be used throughout the plot.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
See also font_size
.
Gnuplot doesn’t handle fonts by itself, it leaves this task to the support libraries of the different terminals, each one with its own philosophy about it. A brief summary follows:
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(font = "Arial", font_size = 20, label(["Arial font, size 20",1,1]))$
GDFONTPATH
; in this case, it is only necessary to
set option font
to the font’s name. It is also possible to
give the complete path to the font file.
Examples:
Option font
can be given the complete path to the font file:
(%i1) path: "/usr/share/fonts/truetype/freefont/" $ (%i2) file: "FreeSerifBoldItalic.ttf" $ (%i3) draw2d( font = concat(path, file), font_size = 20, color = red, label(["FreeSerifBoldItalic font, size 20",1,1]), terminal = png)$
If environment variable GDFONTPATH
is set to the
path where font files are allocated, it is possible to
set graphic option font
to the name of the font.
(%i1) draw2d( font = "FreeSerifBoldItalic", font_size = 20, color = red, label(["FreeSerifBoldItalic font, size 20",1,1]), terminal = png)$
"Times-Roman"
, "Times-Italic"
, "Times-Bold"
,
"Times-BoldItalic"
,"Helvetica"
, "Helvetica-Oblique"
, "Helvetica-Bold"
,"Helvetic-BoldOblique"
, "Courier"
,
"Courier-Oblique"
, "Courier-Bold"
,"Courier-BoldOblique"
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( font = "Courier-Oblique", font_size = 15, label(["Courier-Oblique font, size 15",1,1]), terminal = eps)$
fontconfig
utility.
"Times-Roman"
.
The gnuplot documentation is an important source of information about terminals and fonts.
Default value: 10
This option can be used to set the font size to be used by the terminal.
Only one font face and size can be used throughout the plot. font_size
is
active only when option font
is not equal to the empty string.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
See also font
.
Default value: "maxout_xxx.gnuplot"
with "xxx"
being a number that is unique to each concurrently-running
maxima process.
This is the name of the file with the necessary commands to be processed by Gnuplot.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description
does not matter. It can be also used as an argument of function draw
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( file_name = "my_file", gnuplot_file_name = "my_commands_for_gnuplot", data_file_name = "my_data_for_gnuplot", terminal = png, explicit(x^2,x,-1,1)) $
See also data_file_name
.
Default value: false
If grid
is not false
, a grid will be drawn on the xy plane.
If grid
is assigned true, one grid line per tick of each axis is drawn.
If grid
is assigned a list nx,ny
with [nx,ny] > [0,0]
instead nx
lines per tick of the x axis and ny
lines per tick of
the y axis are drawn.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(grid = true, explicit(exp(u),u,-2,2))$
(%i1) draw2d(grid = [2,2], explicit(sin(x),x,0,2*%pi))$
Default value: 45
head_angle
indicates the angle, in degrees, between the arrow heads and
the segment.
This option is relevant only for vector
objects.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,10], yrange = [0,9], head_length = 0.7, head_angle = 10, vector([1,1],[0,6]), head_angle = 20, vector([2,1],[0,6]), head_angle = 30, vector([3,1],[0,6]), head_angle = 40, vector([4,1],[0,6]), head_angle = 60, vector([5,1],[0,6]), head_angle = 90, vector([6,1],[0,6]), head_angle = 120, vector([7,1],[0,6]), head_angle = 160, vector([8,1],[0,6]), head_angle = 180, vector([9,1],[0,6]) )$
See also head_both
, head_length
, and head_type
.
Default value: false
If head_both
is true
, vectors are plotted with two arrow heads.
If false
, only one arrow is plotted.
This option is relevant only for vector
objects.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,8], yrange = [0,8], head_length = 0.7, vector([1,1],[6,0]), head_both = true, vector([1,7],[6,0]) )$
See also head_length
, head_angle
, and head_type
.
Default value: 2
head_length
indicates, in x-axis units, the length of arrow heads.
This option is relevant only for vector
objects.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,12], yrange = [0,8], vector([0,1],[5,5]), head_length = 1, vector([2,1],[5,5]), head_length = 0.5, vector([4,1],[5,5]), head_length = 0.25, vector([6,1],[5,5]))$
See also head_both
, head_angle
, and head_type
.
Default value: filled
head_type
is used to specify how arrow heads are plotted. Possible
values are: filled
(closed and filled arrow heads), empty
(closed but not filled arrow heads), and nofilled
(open arrow heads).
This option is relevant only for vector
objects.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,12], yrange = [0,10], head_length = 1, vector([0,1],[5,5]), /* default type */ head_type = 'empty, vector([3,1],[5,5]), head_type = 'nofilled, vector([6,1],[5,5]))$
See also head_both
, head_angle
, and head_length
.
Default value: false
This option is relevant only when enhanced3d
is not false
.
When interpolate_color
is false
, surfaces are colored with
homogeneous quadrangles. When true
, color transitions are smoothed
by interpolation.
interpolate_color
also accepts a list of two numbers, [m,n]
.
For positive m and n, each quadrangle or triangle is interpolated
m times and n times in the respective direction. For negative
m and n, the interpolation frequency is chosen so that there will be at least
|m| and |n| points drawn; you can consider this as a special gridding function.
Zeros, i.e. interpolate_color=[0,0]
, will automatically choose an
optimal number of interpolated surface points.
Also, interpolate_color=true
is equivalent to interpolate_color=[0,0]
.
Examples:
Color interpolation with explicit functions.
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = sin(x*y), explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10, x ,-3, 3, y, -3, 3)) $
(%i2) draw3d( interpolate_color = true, enhanced3d = sin(x*y), explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10, x ,-3, 3, y, -3, 3)) $
(%i3) draw3d( interpolate_color = [-10,0], enhanced3d = sin(x*y), explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10, x ,-3, 3, y, -3, 3)) $
Color interpolation with the mesh
graphic object.
Interpolating colors in parametric surfaces can give unexpected results.
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = true, mesh([[1,1,3], [7,3,1],[12,-2,4],[15,0,5]], [[2,7,8], [4,3,1],[10,5,8], [12,7,1]], [[-2,11,10],[6,9,5],[6,15,1], [20,15,2]])) $
(%i2) draw3d( enhanced3d = true, interpolate_color = true, mesh([[1,1,3], [7,3,1],[12,-2,4],[15,0,5]], [[2,7,8], [4,3,1],[10,5,8], [12,7,1]], [[-2,11,10],[6,9,5],[6,15,1], [20,15,2]])) $
(%i3) draw3d( enhanced3d = true, interpolate_color = true, view=map, mesh([[1,1,3], [7,3,1],[12,-2,4],[15,0,5]], [[2,7,8], [4,3,1],[10,5,8], [12,7,1]], [[-2,11,10],[6,9,5],[6,15,1], [20,15,2]])) $
See also enhanced3d
.
Default value: [50, 50]
ip_grid
sets the grid for the first sampling in implicit plots.
This option is relevant only for implicit
objects.
Default value: [5, 5]
ip_grid_in
sets the grid for the second sampling in implicit plots.
This option is relevant only for implicit
objects.
Default value: ""
(empty string)
key
is the name of a function in the legend. If key
is an
empty string, no key is assigned to the function.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
gr2d
: points
, polygon
, rectangle
,
ellipse
, vector
, explicit
, implicit
,
parametric
and polar
.
gr3d
: points
, explicit
, parametric
and parametric_surface
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(key = "Sinus", explicit(sin(x),x,0,10), key = "Cosinus", color = red, explicit(cos(x),x,0,10) )$
Default value: ""
(empty string)
key_pos
defines at which position the legend will be drawn. If key
is an
empty string, "top_right"
is used.
Available position specifiers are: top_left
, top_center
, top_right
,
center_left
, center
, center_right
,
bottom_left
, bottom_center
, and bottom_right
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( key_pos = top_left, key = "x", explicit(x, x,0,10), color= red, key = "x squared", explicit(x^2,x,0,10))$ (%i3) draw3d( key_pos = center, key = "x", explicit(x+y,x,0,10,y,0,10), color= red, key = "x squared", explicit(x^2+y^2,x,0,10,y,0,10))$
Default value: center
label_alignment
is used to specify where to write labels with
respect to the given coordinates. Possible values are: center
,
left
, and right
.
This option is relevant only for label
objects.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,10], yrange = [0,10], points_joined = true, points([[5,0],[5,10]]), color = blue, label(["Centered alignment (default)",5,2]), label_alignment = 'left, label(["Left alignment",5,5]), label_alignment = 'right, label(["Right alignment",5,8]))$
See also label_orientation
, and color
Default value: horizontal
label_orientation
is used to specify orientation of labels.
Possible values are: horizontal
, and vertical
.
This option is relevant only for label
objects.
Example:
In this example, a dummy point is added to get an image.
Package draw
needs always data to draw an scene.
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,10], yrange = [0,10], point_size = 0, points([[5,5]]), color = navy, label(["Horizontal orientation (default)",5,2]), label_orientation = 'vertical, color = "#654321", label(["Vertical orientation",1,5]))$
See also label_alignment
and color
Default value: solid
line_type
indicates how lines are displayed; possible values are
solid
and dots
, both available in all terminals, and
dashes
, short_dashes
, short_long_dashes
, short_short_long_dashes
,
and dot_dash
, which are not available in png
, jpg
, and gif
terminals.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
gr2d
: points
, polygon
, rectangle
,
ellipse
, vector
, explicit
, implicit
,
parametric
and polar
.
gr3d
: points
, explicit
, parametric
and parametric_surface
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(line_type = dots, explicit(1 + x^2,x,-1,1), line_type = solid, /* default */ explicit(2 + x^2,x,-1,1))$
See also line_width
.
Default value: 1
line_width
is the width of plotted lines.
Its value must be a positive number.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
gr2d
: points
, polygon
, rectangle
,
ellipse
, vector
, explicit
, implicit
,
parametric
and polar
.
gr3d
: points
and parametric
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^2,x,-1,1), /* default width */ line_width = 5.5, explicit(1 + x^2,x,-1,1), line_width = 10, explicit(2 + x^2,x,-1,1))$
See also line_type
.
Default value: false
If logcb
is true
, the tics in the colorbox will be drawn in the
logarithmic scale.
When enhanced3d
or colorbox
is false
, option logcb
has
no effect.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d ( enhanced3d = true, color = green, logcb = true, logz = true, palette = [-15,24,-9], explicit(exp(x^2-y^2), x,-2,2,y,-2,2)) $
See also enhanced3d
, colorbox
and cbrange
.
Default value: false
If logx
is true
, the x axis will be drawn in the
logarithmic scale.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description
does not matter, with the exception that it should be written before any
2D explicit
object, so that draw
can produce a better plot.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(logx = true, explicit(log(x),x,0.01,5))$
See also logy
, logx_secondary
, logy_secondary
, and logz
.
Default value: false
If logx_secondary
is true
, the secondary x axis
will be drawn in the logarithmic scale.
This option is relevant only for 2d scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( grid = true, key="x^2, linear scale", color=red, explicit(x^2,x,1,100), xaxis_secondary = true, xtics_secondary = true, logx_secondary = true, key = "x^2, logarithmic x scale", color = blue, explicit(x^2,x,1,100) )$
See also logx_draw
, logy_draw
, logy_secondary
, and logz
.
Default value: false
If logy
is true
, the y axis will be drawn in the
logarithmic scale.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(logy = true, explicit(exp(x),x,0,5))$
See also logx_draw
, logx_secondary
, logy_secondary
, and logz
.
Default value: false
If logy_secondary
is true
, the secondary y axis
will be drawn in the logarithmic scale.
This option is relevant only for 2d scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( grid = true, key="x^2, linear scale", color=red, explicit(x^2,x,1,100), yaxis_secondary = true, ytics_secondary = true, logy_secondary = true, key = "x^2, logarithmic y scale", color = blue, explicit(x^2,x,1,100) )$
See also logx_draw
, logy_draw
, logx_secondary
, and logz
.
Default value: false
If logz
is true
, the z axis will be drawn in the
logarithmic scale.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(logz = true, explicit(exp(u^2+v^2),u,-2,2,v,-2,2))$
See also logx_draw
and logy_draw
.
Default value: 29
In 2d, nticks
gives the initial number of points used by the
adaptive plotting routine for explicit objects. It is also the
number of points that will be shown in parametric and polar curves.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
gr2d
: ellipse
, explicit
, parametric
and polar
.
gr3d
: parametric
.
See also adapt_depth
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(transparent = true, ellipse(0,0,4,2,0,180), nticks = 5, ellipse(0,0,4,2,180,180) )$
Default value: color
palette
indicates how to map gray levels onto color components.
It works together with option enhanced3d
in 3D graphics,
who associates every point of a surfaces to a real number or gray level.
It also works with gray images. With palette
, levels are transformed into colors.
There are two ways for defining these transformations.
First, palette
can be a vector of length three with components
ranging from -36 to +36; each value is an index for a formula mapping the levels
onto red, green and blue colors, respectively:
0: 0 1: 0.5 2: 1 3: x 4: x^2 5: x^3 6: x^4 7: sqrt(x) 8: sqrt(sqrt(x)) 9: sin(90x) 10: cos(90x) 11: |x-0.5| 12: (2x-1)^2 13: sin(180x) 14: |cos(180x)| 15: sin(360x) 16: cos(360x) 17: |sin(360x)| 18: |cos(360x)| 19: |sin(720x)| 20: |cos(720x)| 21: 3x 22: 3x-1 23: 3x-2 24: |3x-1| 25: |3x-2| 26: (3x-1)/2 27: (3x-2)/2 28: |(3x-1)/2| 29: |(3x-2)/2| 30: x/0.32-0.78125 31: 2*x-0.84 32: 4x;1;-2x+1.84;x/0.08-11.5 33: |2*x - 0.5| 34: 2*x 35: 2*x - 0.5 36: 2*x - 1
negative numbers mean negative colour component.
palette = gray
and palette = color
are short cuts for
palette = [3,3,3]
and palette = [7,5,15]
, respectively.
Second, palette
can be a user defined lookup table. In this case,
the format for building a lookup table of length n
is
palette=[color_1, color_2, ..., color_n]
, where color_i
is
a well formed color (see option color
) such that color_1
is
assigned to the lowest gray level and color_n
to the highest. The rest
of colors are interpolated.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Examples:
It works together with option enhanced3d
in 3D graphics.
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = [z-x+2*y,x,y,z], palette = [32, -8, 17], explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,-3,3,y,-3,3))$
It also works with gray images.
(%i1) im: apply( 'matrix, makelist(makelist(random(200),i,1,30),i,1,30))$ (%i2) /* palette = color, default */ draw2d(image(im,0,0,30,30))$ (%i3) draw2d(palette = gray, image(im,0,0,30,30))$ (%i4) draw2d(palette = [15,20,-4], colorbox=false, image(im,0,0,30,30))$
palette
can be a user defined lookup table.
In this example, low values of x
are colored
in red, and higher values in yellow.
(%i1) draw3d( palette = [red, blue, yellow], enhanced3d = x, explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1)) $
See also colorbox
and enhanced3d
.
Default value: 1
point_size
sets the size for plotted points. It must be a
non negative number.
This option has no effect when graphic option point_type
is
set to dot
.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(points(makelist([random(20),random(50)],k,1,10)), point_size = 5, points(makelist(k,k,1,20),makelist(random(30),k,1,20)))$
Default value: 1
point_type
indicates how isolated points are displayed; the value of this
option can be any integer index greater or equal than -1, or the name of
a point style: $none
(-1), dot
(0), plus
(1), multiply
(2),
asterisk
(3), square
(4), filled_square
(5), circle
(6),
filled_circle
(7), up_triangle
(8), filled_up_triangle
(9),
down_triangle
(10), filled_down_triangle
(11), diamant
(12) and
filled_diamant
(13).
This option affects the following graphic objects:
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,10], yrange = [0,10], point_size = 3, point_type = diamant, points([[1,1],[5,1],[9,1]]), point_type = filled_down_triangle, points([[1,2],[5,2],[9,2]]), point_type = asterisk, points([[1,3],[5,3],[9,3]]), point_type = filled_diamant, points([[1,4],[5,4],[9,4]]), point_type = 5, points([[1,5],[5,5],[9,5]]), point_type = 6, points([[1,6],[5,6],[9,6]]), point_type = filled_circle, points([[1,7],[5,7],[9,7]]), point_type = 8, points([[1,8],[5,8],[9,8]]), point_type = filled_diamant, points([[1,9],[5,9],[9,9]]) )$
Default value: false
When points_joined
is true
, points are joined by lines; when false
,
isolated points are drawn. A third possible value for this graphic option is
impulses
; in such case, vertical segments are drawn from points to the x-axis (2D)
or to the xy-plane (3D).
This option affects the following graphic objects:
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,10], yrange = [0,4], point_size = 3, point_type = up_triangle, color = blue, points([[1,1],[5,1],[9,1]]), points_joined = true, point_type = square, line_type = dots, points([[1,2],[5,2],[9,2]]), point_type = circle, color = red, line_width = 7, points([[1,3],[5,3],[9,3]]) )$
Default value: none
When proportional_axes
is equal to xy
or xyz
,
the aspect ratio of the axis units will be set to 1:1 resulting in a 2D or 3D
scene that will be drawn with axes proportional to their relative lengths.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
This option works with Gnuplot version 4.2.6 or greater.
Examples:
Single 2D plot.
(%i1) draw2d( ellipse(0,0,1,1,0,360), transparent=true, color = blue, line_width = 4, ellipse(0,0,2,1/2,0,360), proportional_axes = 'xy) $
Multiplot.
(%i1) draw( terminal = wxt, gr2d(proportional_axes = 'xy, explicit(x^2,x,0,1)), gr2d(explicit(x^2,x,0,1), xrange = [0,1], yrange = [0,2], proportional_axes='xy), gr2d(explicit(x^2,x,0,1)))$
Default value: false
If surface_hide
is true
, hidden parts are not plotted in 3d surfaces.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw(columns=2, gr3d(explicit(exp(sin(x)+cos(x^2)),x,-3,3,y,-3,3)), gr3d(surface_hide = true, explicit(exp(sin(x)+cos(x^2)),x,-3,3,y,-3,3)) )$
Default value: screen
Selects the terminal to be used by Gnuplot; possible values are:
screen
(default), png
, pngcairo
, jpg
, gif
,
eps
, eps_color
, epslatex
, epslatex_standalone
,
svg
, canvas
, dumb
, dumb_file
, pdf
, pdfcairo
,
wxt
, animated_gif
, multipage_pdfcairo
, multipage_pdf
,
multipage_eps
, multipage_eps_color
, and aquaterm
.
Terminals screen
, wxt
, windows
and aquaterm
can
be also defined as a list
with two elements: the name of the terminal itself and a non negative integer number.
In this form, multiple windows can be opened at the same time, each with its
corresponding number. This feature does not work in Windows platforms.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description
does not matter. It can be also used as an argument of function draw
.
N.B. pdfcairo requires Gnuplot 4.3 or newer.
pdf
requires Gnuplot to be compiled with the option --enable-pdf
and libpdf must
be installed. The pdf library is available from: http://www.pdflib.com/en/download/pdflib-family/pdflib-lite/
Examples:
(%i1) /* screen terminal (default) */ draw2d(explicit(x^2,x,-1,1))$ (%i2) /* png file */ draw2d(terminal = 'png, explicit(x^2,x,-1,1))$ (%i3) /* jpg file */ draw2d(terminal = 'jpg, dimensions = [300,300], explicit(x^2,x,-1,1))$ (%i4) /* eps file */ draw2d(file_name = "myfile", explicit(x^2,x,-1,1), terminal = 'eps)$ (%i5) /* pdf file */ draw2d(file_name = "mypdf", dimensions = 100*[12.0,8.0], explicit(x^2,x,-1,1), terminal = 'pdf)$ (%i6) /* wxwidgets window */ draw2d(explicit(x^2,x,-1,1), terminal = 'wxt)$
Multiple windows.
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^5,x,-2,2), terminal=[screen, 3])$ (%i2) draw2d(explicit(x^2,x,-2,2), terminal=[screen, 0])$
An animated gif file.
(%i1) draw( delay = 100, file_name = "zzz", terminal = 'animated_gif, gr2d(explicit(x^2,x,-1,1)), gr2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1)), gr2d(explicit(x^4,x,-1,1))); End of animation sequence (%o1) [gr2d(explicit), gr2d(explicit), gr2d(explicit)]
Option delay
is only active in animated gif’s; it is ignored in
any other case.
Multipage output in eps format.
(%i1) draw( file_name = "parabol", terminal = multipage_eps, dimensions = 100*[10,10], gr2d(explicit(x^2,x,-1,1)), gr3d(explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1))) $
See also file_name
, dimensions_draw
and delay
.
Default value: ""
(empty string)
Option title
, a string, is the main title for the scene.
By default, no title is written.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(exp(u),u,-2,2), title = "Exponential function")$
Default value: none
If transform
is none
, the space is not transformed and
graphic objects are drawn as defined. When a space transformation is
desired, a list must be assigned to option transform
. In case of
a 2D scene, the list takes the form [f1(x,y), f2(x,y), x, y]
.
In case of a 3D scene, the list is of the form
[f1(x,y,z), f2(x,y,z), f3(x,y,z), x, y, z]
.
The names of the variables defined in the lists may be different to those used in the definitions of the graphic objects.
Examples:
Rotation in 2D.
(%i1) th : %pi / 4$ (%i2) draw2d( color = "#e245f0", proportional_axes = 'xy, line_width = 8, triangle([3,2],[7,2],[5,5]), border = false, fill_color = yellow, transform = [cos(th)*x - sin(th)*y, sin(th)*x + cos(th)*y, x, y], triangle([3,2],[7,2],[5,5]) )$
Translation in 3D.
(%i1) draw3d( color = "#a02c00", explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,-3,3,y,-3,3), transform = [x+10,y+10,z+10,x,y,z], color = blue, explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,-3,3,y,-3,3) )$
Default value: false
If transparent
is false
, interior regions of polygons are
filled according to fill_color
.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(polygon([[3,2],[7,2],[5,5]]), transparent = true, color = blue, polygon([[5,2],[9,2],[7,5]]) )$
Default value: false
If unit_vectors
is true
, vectors are plotted with module 1.
This is useful for plotting vector fields. If unit_vectors
is false
,
vectors are plotted with its original length.
This option is relevant only for vector
objects.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [-1,6], yrange = [-1,6], head_length = 0.1, vector([0,0],[5,2]), unit_vectors = true, color = red, vector([0,3],[5,2]))$
Default value: ""
(empty string)
Expert Gnuplot users can make use of this option to fine tune Gnuplot’s
behaviour by writing settings to be sent before the plot
or splot
command.
The value of this option must be a string or a list of strings (one per line).
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
Tell Gnuplot to draw axes and grid on top of graphics objects,
(%i1) draw2d( xaxis =true, xaxis_type=solid, yaxis =true, yaxis_type=solid, user_preamble="set grid front", region(x^2+y^2<1 ,x,-1.5,1.5,y,-1.5,1.5))$
Tell gnuplot to draw all contour lines in black
(%i1) draw3d( contour=both, surface_hide=true,enhanced3d=true,wired_surface=true, contour_levels=10, user_preamble="set for [i=1:8] linetype i dashtype i linecolor 0", explicit(sin(x)*cos(y),x,1,10,y,1,10) );
Default value: [60,30]
A pair of angles, measured in degrees, indicating the view direction in a 3D scene. The first angle is the vertical rotation around the x axis, in the range \([0, 360]\). The second one is the horizontal rotation around the z axis, in the range \([0, 360]\).
If option view
is given the value map
, the view direction is set
to be perpendicular to the xy-plane.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(view = [170, 50], enhanced3d = true, explicit(sin(x^2+y^2),x,-2,2,y,-2,2) )$
(%i2) draw3d(view = map, enhanced3d = true, explicit(sin(x^2+y^2),x,-2,2,y,-2,2) )$
Default value: false
Indicates whether 3D surfaces in enhanced3d
mode show the grid joining
the points or not.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = [sin(x),x,y], wired_surface = true, explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1)) $
Default value: 10
x_voxel
is the number of voxels in the x direction to
be used by the marching cubes algorithm implemented
by the 3d implicit
object. It is also used by graphic
object region
.
Default value: false
If xaxis
is true
, the x axis is drawn.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), xaxis = true, xaxis_color = blue)$
See also xaxis_width
, xaxis_type
and xaxis_color
.
Default value: "black"
xaxis_color
specifies the color for the x axis. See
color
to know how colors are defined.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), xaxis = true, xaxis_color = red)$
See also xaxis
, xaxis_width
and xaxis_type
.
Default value: false
If xaxis_secondary
is true
, function values can be plotted with
respect to the second x axis, which will be drawn on top of the scene.
Note that this is a local graphics option which only affects to 2d plots.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( key = "Bottom x-axis", explicit(x+1,x,1,2), color = red, key = "Above x-axis", xtics_secondary = true, xaxis_secondary = true, explicit(x^2,x,-1,1)) $
See also xrange_secondary
, xtics_secondary
, xtics_rotate_secondary
,
xtics_axis_secondary
and xaxis_secondary
.
Default value: dots
xaxis_type
indicates how the x axis is displayed;
possible values are solid
and dots
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), xaxis = true, xaxis_type = solid)$
See also xaxis
, xaxis_width
and xaxis_color
.
Default value: 1
xaxis_width
is the width of the x axis.
Its value must be a positive number.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), xaxis = true, xaxis_width = 3)$
See also xaxis
, xaxis_type
and xaxis_color
.
Default value: ""
Option xlabel
, a string, is the label for the x axis.
By default, the axis is labeled with string "x"
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xlabel = "Time", explicit(exp(u),u,-2,2), ylabel = "Population")$
See also xlabel_secondary
, ylabel
, ylabel_secondary
and zlabel_draw
.
Default value: ""
(empty string)
Option xlabel_secondary
, a string, is the label for the secondary x axis.
By default, no label is written.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( xaxis_secondary=true,yaxis_secondary=true, xtics_secondary=true,ytics_secondary=true, xlabel_secondary="t[s]", ylabel_secondary="U[V]", explicit(sin(t),t,0,10) )$
See also xlabel_draw
, ylabel_draw
, ylabel_secondary
and zlabel_draw
.
Default value: auto
If xrange
is auto
, the range for the x coordinate is
computed automatically.
If the user wants a specific interval for x, it must be given as a
Maxima list, as in xrange=[-2, 3]
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [-3,5], explicit(x^2,x,-1,1))$
Default value: auto
If xrange_secondary
is auto
, the range for the second x axis is
computed automatically.
If the user wants a specific interval for the second x axis, it must be given as a
Maxima list, as in xrange_secondary=[-2, 3]
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
See also xrange
, yrange
, zrange
and yrange_secondary
.
Default value: true
This graphic option controls the way tic marks are drawn on the x axis.
xtics
is bounded to symbol true, tic marks are
drawn automatically.
xtics
is bounded to symbol false, tic marks are
not drawn.
xtics
is bounded to a positive number, this is the distance
between two consecutive tic marks.
xtics
is bounded to a list of length three of the
form [start,incr,end]
, tic marks are plotted from start
to end
at intervals of length incr
.
xtics
is bounded to a set of numbers of the
form {n1, n2, ...}
, tic marks are plotted at values n1
,
n2
, ...
xtics
is bounded to a set of pairs of the
form {["label1", n1], ["label2", n2], ...}
, tic marks corresponding to values n1
,
n2
, ... are labeled with "label1"
, "label2"
, ..., respectively.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Examples:
Disable tics.
(%i1) draw2d(xtics = 'false, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1) )$
Tics every 1/4 units.
(%i1) draw2d(xtics = 1/4, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1) )$
Tics from -3/4 to 3/4 in steps of 1/8.
(%i1) draw2d(xtics = [-3/4,1/8,3/4], explicit(x^3,x,-1,1) )$
Tics at points -1/2, -1/4 and 3/4.
(%i1) draw2d(xtics = {-1/2,-1/4,3/4}, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1) )$
Labeled tics.
(%i1) draw2d(xtics = {["High",0.75],["Medium",0],["Low",-0.75]}, explicit(x^3,x,-1,1) )$
See also ytics_draw
, and ztics_draw
.
Default value: false
If xtics_axis
is true
, tic marks and their labels are plotted just
along the x axis, if it is false
tics are plotted on the border.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: false
If xtics_rotate
is true
, tic marks on the x axis are rotated
90 degrees.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: false
If xtics_rotate_secondary
is true
, tic marks on the secondary x axis are rotated
90 degrees.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: auto
This graphic option controls the way tic marks are drawn on the second x axis.
See xtics_draw
for a complete description.
Default value: false
If xtics_secondary_axis
is true
, tic marks and their labels are plotted just
along the secondary x axis, if it is false
tics are plotted on the border.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: 30
xu_grid
is the number of coordinates of the first variable
(x
in explicit and u
in parametric 3d surfaces) to
build the grid of sample points.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
gr3d
: explicit
and parametric_surface
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(xu_grid = 10, yv_grid = 50, explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-3,3,y,-3,3) )$
See also yv_grid
.
Default value: ""
(empty string)
xy_file
is the name of the file where the coordinates will be saved
after clicking with the mouse button and hitting the ’x’ key. By default,
no coordinates are saved.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: false
Allocates the xy-plane in 3D scenes. When xyplane
is
false
, the xy-plane is placed automatically; when it is
a real number, the xy-plane intersects the z-axis at this level.
This option has no effect in 2D scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(xyplane = %e-2, explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1))$
Default value: 10
y_voxel
is the number of voxels in the y direction to
be used by the marching cubes algorithm implemented
by the 3d implicit
object. It is also used by graphic
object region
.
Default value: false
If yaxis
is true
, the y axis is drawn.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), yaxis = true, yaxis_color = blue)$
See also yaxis_width
, yaxis_type
and yaxis_color
.
Default value: "black"
yaxis_color
specifies the color for the y axis. See
color
to know how colors are defined.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), yaxis = true, yaxis_color = red)$
See also yaxis
, yaxis_width
and yaxis_type
.
Default value: false
If yaxis_secondary
is true
, function values can be plotted with
respect to the second y axis, which will be drawn on the right side of the
scene.
Note that this is a local graphics option which only affects to 2d plots.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( explicit(sin(x),x,0,10), yaxis_secondary = true, ytics_secondary = true, color = blue, explicit(100*sin(x+0.1)+2,x,0,10));
See also yrange_secondary
, ytics_secondary
, ytics_rotate_secondary
and ytics_axis_secondary
Default value: dots
yaxis_type
indicates how the y axis is displayed;
possible values are solid
and dots
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), yaxis = true, yaxis_type = solid)$
See also yaxis
, yaxis_width
and yaxis_color
.
Default value: 1
yaxis_width
is the width of the y axis.
Its value must be a positive number.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(x^3,x,-1,1), yaxis = true, yaxis_width = 3)$
See also yaxis
, yaxis_type
and yaxis_color
.
Default value: ""
Option ylabel
, a string, is the label for the y axis.
By default, the axis is labeled with string "y"
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xlabel = "Time", ylabel = "Population", explicit(exp(u),u,-2,2) )$
See also xlabel_draw
, xlabel_secondary
, ylabel_secondary
, and zlabel_draw
.
Default value: ""
(empty string)
Option ylabel_secondary
, a string, is the label for the secondary y axis.
By default, no label is written.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( key_pos=bottom_right, key="current", xlabel="t[s]", ylabel="I[A]",ylabel_secondary="P[W]", explicit(sin(t),t,0,10), yaxis_secondary=true, ytics_secondary=true, color=red,key="Power", explicit((sin(t))^2,t,0,10) )$
See also xlabel_draw
, xlabel_secondary
, ylabel_draw
and zlabel_draw
.
Default value: auto
If yrange
is auto
, the range for the y coordinate is
computed automatically.
If the user wants a specific interval for y, it must be given as a
Maxima list, as in yrange=[-2, 3]
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(yrange = [-2,3], explicit(x^2,x,-1,1), xrange = [-3,3])$
See also xrange
, yrange_secondary
and zrange
.
Default value: auto
If yrange_secondary
is auto
, the range for the second y axis is
computed automatically.
If the user wants a specific interval for the second y axis, it must be given as a
Maxima list, as in yrange_secondary=[-2, 3]
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( explicit(sin(x),x,0,10), yaxis_secondary = true, ytics_secondary = true, yrange = [-3, 3], yrange_secondary = [-20, 20], color = blue, explicit(100*sin(x+0.1)+2,x,0,10)) $
See also xrange
, yrange
and zrange
.
Default value: true
This graphic option controls the way tic marks are drawn on the y axis.
See xtics
for a complete description.
Default value: false
If ytics_axis
is true
, tic marks and their labels are plotted just
along the y axis, if it is false
tics are plotted on the border.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: false
If ytics_rotate
is true
, tic marks on the y axis are rotated
90 degrees.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: false
If ytics_rotate_secondary
is true
, tic marks on the secondary y axis are rotated
90 degrees.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: auto
This graphic option controls the way tic marks are drawn on the second y axis.
See xtics
for a complete description.
Default value: false
If ytics_secondary_axis
is true
, tic marks and their labels are plotted just
along the secondary y axis, if it is false
tics are plotted on the border.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: 30
yv_grid
is the number of coordinates of the second variable
(y
in explicit and v
in parametric 3d surfaces) to
build the grid of sample points.
This option affects the following graphic objects:
gr3d
: explicit
and parametric_surface
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(xu_grid = 10, yv_grid = 50, explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-3,3,y,-3,3) )$
See also xu_grid
.
Default value: 10
z_voxel
is the number of voxels in the z direction to
be used by the marching cubes algorithm implemented
by the 3d implicit
object.
Default value: false
If zaxis
is true
, the z axis is drawn in 3D plots.
This option has no effect in 2D scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1), zaxis = true, zaxis_type = solid, zaxis_color = blue)$
See also zaxis_width
, zaxis_type
and zaxis_color
.
Default value: "black"
zaxis_color
specifies the color for the z axis. See
color
to know how colors are defined.
This option has no effect in 2D scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1), zaxis = true, zaxis_type = solid, zaxis_color = red)$
See also zaxis
, zaxis_width
and zaxis_type
.
Default value: dots
zaxis_type
indicates how the z axis is displayed;
possible values are solid
and dots
.
This option has no effect in 2D scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1), zaxis = true, zaxis_type = solid)$
See also zaxis
, zaxis_width
and zaxis_color
.
Default value: 1
zaxis_width
is the width of the z axis.
Its value must be a positive number. This option has no effect in 2D scenes.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1), zaxis = true, zaxis_type = solid, zaxis_width = 3)$
See also zaxis
, zaxis_type
and zaxis_color
.
Default value: ""
Option zlabel
, a string, is the label for the z axis.
By default, the axis is labeled with string "z"
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(zlabel = "Z variable", ylabel = "Y variable", explicit(sin(x^2+y^2),x,-2,2,y,-2,2), xlabel = "X variable" )$
See also xlabel_draw
, ylabel_draw
, and zlabel_rotate
.
Default value: "auto"
This graphics option allows to choose if the z axis label of 3d plots is
drawn horizontal (false
), vertical (true
) or if maxima
automatically chooses an orientation based on the length of the label
(auto
).
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d( explicit(sin(x)*sin(y),x,0,10,y,0,10), zlabel_rotate=false )$
See also zlabel_draw
.
Default value: auto
If zrange
is auto
, the range for the z coordinate is
computed automatically.
If the user wants a specific interval for z, it must be given as a
Maxima list, as in zrange=[-2, 3]
.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(yrange = [-3,3], zrange = [-2,5], explicit(x^2+y^2,x,-1,1,y,-1,1), xrange = [-3,3])$
Default value: true
This graphic option controls the way tic marks are drawn on the z axis.
See xtics_draw
for a complete description.
Default value: false
If ztics_axis
is true
, tic marks and their labels are plotted just
along the z axis, if it is false
tics are plotted on the border.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Default value: false
If ztics_rotate
is true
, tic marks on the z axis are rotated
90 degrees.
Since this is a global graphics option, its position in the scene description does not matter.
Draws vertical bars in 2D.
2D
bars ([x1,h1,w1], [x2,h2,w2, ...])
draws bars centered at values x1, x2, ... with heights h1, h2, ...
and widths w1, w2, ...
This object is affected by the following graphic options: key
,
fill_color
, fill_density
and line_width
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( key = "Group A", fill_color = blue, fill_density = 0.2, bars([0.8,5,0.4],[1.8,7,0.4],[2.8,-4,0.4]), key = "Group B", fill_color = red, fill_density = 0.6, line_width = 4, bars([1.2,4,0.4],[2.2,-2,0.4],[3.2,5,0.4]), xaxis = true);
Draws 3D functions defined in cylindrical coordinates.
3D
cylindrical(radius, z, minz, maxz, azi,
minazi, maxazi)
plots the function radius(z,
azi)
defined in cylindrical coordinates, with variable z taking
values from minz to maxz and azimuth azi taking values
from minazi to maxazi.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: xu_grid
,
yv_grid
, line_type
, key
, wired_surface
, enhanced3d
and color
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(cylindrical(1,z,-2,2,az,0,2*%pi))$
Draws matrix mat in 3D space. z values are taken from mat, the abscissas range from x0 to x0 + width and ordinates from y0 to y0 + height. Element \(a(1,1)\) is projected on point \((x0,y0+height)\), \(a(1,n)\) on \((x0+width,y0+height)\), \(a(m,1)\) on \((x0,y0)\), and \(a(m,n)\) on \((x0+width,y0)\).
This object is affected by the following graphic options: line_type
,,
line_width
key
, wired_surface
, enhanced3d
and color
In older versions of Maxima, elevation_grid
was called mesh
.
See also mesh
.
Example:
(%i1) m: apply( matrix, makelist(makelist(random(10.0),k,1,30),i,1,20)) $ (%i2) draw3d( color = blue, elevation_grid(m,0,0,3,2), xlabel = "x", ylabel = "y", surface_hide = true);
Draws ellipses and circles in 2D.
2D
ellipse (xc, yc, a, b, ang1, ang2)
plots an ellipse centered at [xc, yc]
with horizontal and vertical
semi axis a and b, respectively, starting at angle ang1 with an amplitude
equal to angle ang2.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: nticks
,
transparent
, fill_color
, border
, line_width
,
line_type
, key
and color
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(transparent = false, fill_color = red, color = gray30, transparent = false, line_width = 5, ellipse(0,6,3,2,270,-270), /* center (x,y), a, b, start & end in degrees */ transparent = true, color = blue, line_width = 3, ellipse(2.5,6,2,3,30,-90), xrange = [-3,6], yrange = [2,9] )$
Draws points with error bars, horizontally, vertically or both, depending on the
value of option error_type
.
2D
If error_type = x
, arguments to errors
must be of the form
[x, y, xdelta]
or [x, y, xlow, xhigh]
. If error_type = y
,
arguments must be of the form [x, y, ydelta]
or
[x, y, ylow, yhigh]
. If error_type = xy
or
error_type = boxes
, arguments to errors
must be of the form
[x, y, xdelta, ydelta]
or [x, y, xlow, xhigh, ylow, yhigh]
.
See also error_type
.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: error_type
,
points_joined
, line_width
, key
, line_type
,
color
fill_density
, xaxis_secondary
and yaxis_secondary
.
Option fill_density
is only relevant when error_type=boxes
.
Examples:
Horizontal error bars.
(%i1) draw2d( error_type = 'y, errors([[1,2,1], [3,5,3], [10,3,1], [17,6,2]]))$
Vertical and horizontal error bars.
(%i1) draw2d( error_type = 'xy, points_joined = true, color = blue, errors([[1,2,1,2], [3,5,2,1], [10,3,1,1], [17,6,1/2,2]]));
Draws explicit functions in 2D and 3D.
2D
explicit(fcn,var,minval,maxval)
plots explicit function fcn,
with variable var taking values from minval to maxval.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: nticks
,
adapt_depth
, draw_realpart
, line_width
, line_type
, key
,
filled_func
, fill_color
and color
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(line_width = 3, color = blue, explicit(x^2,x,-3,3) )$
(%i2) draw2d(fill_color = brown, filled_func = true, explicit(x^2,x,-3,3) )$
3D
explicit(fcn, var1, minval1, maxval1, var2,
minval2, maxval2)
plots the explicit function fcn, with
variable var1 taking values from minval1 to maxval1 and
variable var2 taking values from minval2 to maxval2.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: draw_realpart
, xu_grid
,
yv_grid
, line_type
, line_width
, key
, wired_surface
,
enhanced3d
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(key = "Gauss", color = "#a02c00", explicit(20*exp(-x^2-y^2)-10,x,-3,3,y,-3,3), yv_grid = 10, color = blue, key = "Plane", explicit(x+y,x,-5,5,y,-5,5), surface_hide = true)$
See also filled_func
for filled functions.
Renders images in 2D.
2D
image (im,x0,y0,width,height)
plots image im in the rectangular
region from vertex (x0,y0)
to (x0+width,y0+height)
on the real
plane. Argument im must be a matrix of real numbers, a matrix of
vectors of length three or a picture object.
If im is a matrix of real numbers or a levels picture object,
pixel values are interpreted according to graphic option palette
,
which is a vector of length three with components
ranging from -36 to +36; each value is an index for a formula mapping the levels
onto red, green and blue colors, respectively:
0: 0 1: 0.5 2: 1 3: x 4: x^2 5: x^3 6: x^4 7: sqrt(x) 8: sqrt(sqrt(x)) 9: sin(90x) 10: cos(90x) 11: |x-0.5| 12: (2x-1)^2 13: sin(180x) 14: |cos(180x)| 15: sin(360x) 16: cos(360x) 17: |sin(360x)| 18: |cos(360x)| 19: |sin(720x)| 20: |cos(720x)| 21: 3x 22: 3x-1 23: 3x-2 24: |3x-1| 25: |3x-2| 26: (3x-1)/2 27: (3x-2)/2 28: |(3x-1)/2| 29: |(3x-2)/2| 30: x/0.32-0.78125 31: 2*x-0.84 32: 4x;1;-2x+1.84;x/0.08-11.5 33: |2*x - 0.5| 34: 2*x 35: 2*x - 0.5 36: 2*x - 1
negative numbers mean negative colour component.
palette = gray
and palette = color
are short cuts for
palette = [3,3,3]
and palette = [7,5,15]
, respectively.
If im is a matrix of vectors of length three or an rgb picture object, they are interpreted as red, green and blue color components.
Examples:
If im is a matrix of real numbers, pixel values are interpreted according
to graphic option palette
.
(%i1) im: apply( 'matrix, makelist(makelist(random(200),i,1,30),i,1,30))$ (%i2) /* palette = color, default */ draw2d(image(im,0,0,30,30))$
(%i3) draw2d(palette = gray, image(im,0,0,30,30))$
(%i4) draw2d(palette = [15,20,-4], colorbox=false, image(im,0,0,30,30))$
See also colorbox
.
If im is a matrix of vectors of length three, they are interpreted as red, green and blue color components.
(%i1) im: apply( 'matrix, makelist( makelist([random(300), random(300), random(300)],i,1,30),i,1,30))$ (%i2) draw2d(image(im,0,0,30,30))$
Package draw
automatically loads package picture
. In this
example, a level picture object is built by hand and then rendered.
(%i1) im: make_level_picture([45,87,2,134,204,16],3,2); (%o1) picture(level, 3, 2, {Array: #(45 87 2 134 204 16)}) (%i2) /* default color palette */ draw2d(image(im,0,0,30,30))$
(%i3) /* gray palette */ draw2d(palette = gray, image(im,0,0,30,30))$
An xpm file is read and then rendered.
(%i1) im: read_xpm("myfile.xpm")$ (%i2) draw2d(image(im,0,0,10,7))$
See also make_level_picture
, make_rgb_picture
and read_xpm
.
http://www.telefonica.net/web2/biomates/maxima/gpdraw/image
contains more elaborated examples.
Draws implicit functions in 2D and 3D.
2D
implicit(fcn,x,xmin,xmax,y,ymin,ymax)
plots the implicit function defined by fcn, with variable x taking values
from xmin to xmax, and variable y taking values
from ymin to ymax.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: ip_grid
,
ip_grid_in
, line_width
, line_type
, key
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(grid = true, line_type = solid, key = "y^2=x^3-2*x+1", implicit(y^2=x^3-2*x+1, x, -4,4, y, -4,4), line_type = dots, key = "x^3+y^3 = 3*x*y^2-x-1", implicit(x^3+y^3 = 3*x*y^2-x-1, x,-4,4, y,-4,4), title = "Two implicit functions" )$
3D
implicit (fcn,x,xmin,xmax, y,ymin,ymax, z,zmin,zmax)
plots the implicit surface defined by fcn, with variable x taking values
from xmin to xmax, variable y taking values
from ymin to ymax and variable z taking values
from zmin to zmax. This object implements the marching cubes algorithm.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: x_voxel
,
y_voxel
, z_voxel
, line_width
, line_type
, key
,
wired_surface
, enhanced3d
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d( color=blue, implicit((x^2+y^2+z^2-1)*(x^2+(y-1.5)^2+z^2-0.5)=0.015, x,-1,1,y,-1.2,2.3,z,-1,1), surface_hide=true);
Writes labels in 2D and 3D.
Colored labels work only with Gnuplot 4.3 and up.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: label_alignment
,
label_orientation
and color
.
2D
label([string,x,y])
writes the string at point
[x,y]
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(yrange = [0.1,1.4], color = red, label(["Label in red",0,0.3]), color = "#0000ff", label(["Label in blue",0,0.6]), color = light_blue, label(["Label in light-blue",0,0.9], ["Another light-blue",0,1.2]) )$
3D
label([string,x,y,z])
writes the string at point
[x,y,z]
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(explicit(exp(sin(x)+cos(x^2)),x,-3,3,y,-3,3), color = red, label(["UP 1",-2,0,3], ["UP 2",1.5,0,4]), color = blue, label(["DOWN 1",2,0,-3]) )$
Draws a quadrangular mesh in 3D.
3D
Argument row_i is a list of n 3D points of the form
[[x_i1,y_i1,z_i1], ...,[x_in,y_in,z_in]]
, and all rows are
of equal length. All these points define an arbitrary surface in 3D and
in some sense it’s a generalization of the elevation_grid
object.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: line_type
,
line_width
, color
, key
, wired_surface
, enhanced3d
and transform
.
Examples:
A simple example.
(%i1) draw3d( mesh([[1,1,3], [7,3,1],[12,-2,4],[15,0,5]], [[2,7,8], [4,3,1],[10,5,8], [12,7,1]], [[-2,11,10],[6,9,5],[6,15,1], [20,15,2]])) $
Plotting a triangle in 3D.
(%i1) draw3d( line_width = 2, mesh([[1,0,0],[0,1,0]], [[0,0,1],[0,0,1]])) $
Two quadrilaterals.
(%i1) draw3d( surface_hide = true, line_width = 3, color = red, mesh([[0,0,0], [0,1,0]], [[2,0,2], [2,2,2]]), color = blue, mesh([[0,0,2], [0,1,2]], [[2,0,4], [2,2,4]])) $
Draws parametric functions in 2D and 3D.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: nticks
,
line_width
, line_type
, key
, color
and enhanced3d
.
2D
The command parametric(xfun, yfun, par, parmin,
parmax)
plots the parametric function [xfun, yfun]
,
with parameter par taking values from parmin to parmax.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(explicit(exp(x),x,-1,3), color = red, key = "This is the parametric one!!", parametric(2*cos(rrr),rrr^2,rrr,0,2*%pi))$
3D
parametric(xfun, yfun, zfun, par, parmin,
parmax)
plots the parametric curve [xfun, yfun,
zfun]
, with parameter par taking values from parmin to
parmax.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(explicit(exp(sin(x)+cos(x^2)),x,-3,3,y,-3,3), color = royalblue, parametric(cos(5*u)^2,sin(7*u),u-2,u,0,2), color = turquoise, line_width = 2, parametric(t^2,sin(t),2+t,t,0,2), surface_hide = true, title = "Surface & curves" )$
Draws parametric surfaces in 3D.
3D
The command parametric_surface(xfun, yfun, zfun,
par1, par1min, par1max, par2, par2min,
par2max)
plots the parametric surface [xfun, yfun,
zfun]
, with parameter par1 taking values from par1min to
par1max and parameter par2 taking values from par2min to
par2max.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: draw_realpart
, xu_grid
,
yv_grid
, line_type
, line_width
, key
, wired_surface
, enhanced3d
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(title = "Sea shell", xu_grid = 100, yv_grid = 25, view = [100,20], surface_hide = true, parametric_surface(0.5*u*cos(u)*(cos(v)+1), 0.5*u*sin(u)*(cos(v)+1), u*sin(v) - ((u+3)/8*%pi)^2 - 20, u, 0, 13*%pi, v, -%pi, %pi) )$
Draws points in 2D and 3D.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: point_size
,
point_type
, points_joined
, line_width
, key
,
line_type
and color
. In 3D mode, it is also affected by enhanced3d
2D
points ([[x1,y1], [x2,y2],...])
or
points ([x1,x2,...], [y1,y2,...])
plots points [x1,y1]
, [x2,y2]
, etc. If abscissas
are not given, they are set to consecutive positive integers, so that
points ([y1,y2,...])
draws points [1,y1]
, [2,y2]
, etc.
If matrix is a two-column or two-row matrix, points (matrix)
draws the associated points. If matrix is an one-column or one-row matrix,
abscissas are assigned automatically.
If 1d_y_array is a 1D lisp array of numbers, points (1d_y_array)
plots them
setting abscissas to consecutive positive integers. points (1d_x_array, 1d_y_array)
plots points with their coordinates taken from the two arrays passed as arguments. If
2d_xy_array is a 2D array with two columns, or with two rows, points (2d_xy_array)
plots the corresponding points on the plane.
Examples:
Two types of arguments for points
, a list of pairs and two lists
of separate coordinates.
(%i1) draw2d( key = "Small points", points(makelist([random(20),random(50)],k,1,10)), point_type = circle, point_size = 3, points_joined = true, key = "Great points", points(makelist(k,k,1,20),makelist(random(30),k,1,20)), point_type = filled_down_triangle, key = "Automatic abscissas", color = red, points([2,12,8]))$
Drawing impulses.
(%i1) draw2d( points_joined = impulses, line_width = 2, color = red, points(makelist([random(20),random(50)],k,1,10)))$
Array with ordinates.
(%i1) a: make_array (flonum, 100) $ (%i2) for i:0 thru 99 do a[i]: random(1.0) $ (%i3) draw2d(points(a)) $
Two arrays with separate coordinates.
(%i1) x: make_array (flonum, 100) $ (%i2) y: make_array (fixnum, 100) $ (%i3) for i:0 thru 99 do ( x[i]: float(i/100), y[i]: random(10) ) $ (%i4) draw2d(points(x, y)) $
A two-column 2D array.
(%i1) xy: make_array(flonum, 100, 2) $ (%i2) for i:0 thru 99 do ( xy[i, 0]: float(i/100), xy[i, 1]: random(10) ) $ (%i3) draw2d(points(xy)) $
Drawing an array filled with function read_array
.
(%i1) a: make_array(flonum,100) $ (%i2) read_array (file_search ("pidigits.data"), a) $ (%i3) draw2d(points(a)) $
3D
points([[x1, y1, z1], [x2, y2, z2],
...])
or points([x1, x2, ...], [y1, y2, ...],
[z1, z2,...])
plots points [x1, y1, z1]
,
[x2, y2, z2]
, etc. If matrix is a three-column
or three-row matrix, points (matrix)
draws the associated points.
When arguments are lisp arrays, points (1d_x_array, 1d_y_array, 1d_z_array)
takes coordinates from the three 1D arrays. If 2d_xyz_array is a 2D array with three columns,
or with three rows, points (2d_xyz_array)
plots the corresponding points.
Examples:
One tridimensional sample,
(%i1) load ("numericalio")$ (%i2) s2 : read_matrix (file_search ("wind.data"))$ (%i3) draw3d(title = "Daily average wind speeds", point_size = 2, points(args(submatrix (s2, 4, 5))) )$
Two tridimensional samples,
(%i1) load ("numericalio")$ (%i2) s2 : read_matrix (file_search ("wind.data"))$ (%i3) draw3d( title = "Daily average wind speeds. Two data sets", point_size = 2, key = "Sample from stations 1, 2 and 3", points(args(submatrix (s2, 4, 5))), point_type = 4, key = "Sample from stations 1, 4 and 5", points(args(submatrix (s2, 2, 3))) )$
Unidimensional arrays,
(%i1) x: make_array (fixnum, 10) $ (%i2) y: make_array (fixnum, 10) $ (%i3) z: make_array (fixnum, 10) $ (%i4) for i:0 thru 9 do ( x[i]: random(10), y[i]: random(10), z[i]: random(10) ) $ (%i5) draw3d(points(x,y,z)) $
Bidimensional colored array,
(%i1) xyz: make_array(fixnum, 10, 3) $ (%i2) for i:0 thru 9 do ( xyz[i, 0]: random(10), xyz[i, 1]: random(10), xyz[i, 2]: random(10) ) $ (%i3) draw3d( enhanced3d = true, points_joined = true, points(xyz)) $
Color numbers explicitly specified by the user.
(%i1) pts: makelist([t,t^2,cos(t)], t, 0, 15)$ (%i2) col_num: makelist(k, k, 1, length(pts))$ (%i3) draw3d( enhanced3d = ['part(col_num,k),k], point_size = 3, point_type = filled_circle, points(pts))$
Draws 2D functions defined in polar coordinates.
2D
polar (radius,ang,minang,maxang)
plots function
radius(ang)
defined in polar coordinates, with variable
ang taking values from
minang to maxang.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: nticks
,
line_width
, line_type
, key
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(user_preamble = "set grid polar", nticks = 200, xrange = [-5,5], yrange = [-5,5], color = blue, line_width = 3, title = "Hyperbolic Spiral", polar(10/theta,theta,1,10*%pi) )$
Draws polygons in 2D.
2D
The commands polygon([[x1, y1], [x2, y2], ...])
or polygon([x1, x2, ...], [y1, y2, ...])
plot on
the plane a polygon with vertices [x1, y1]
, [x2,
y2]
, etc.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: transparent
,
fill_color
, border
, line_width
, key
,
line_type
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(color = "#e245f0", line_width = 8, polygon([[3,2],[7,2],[5,5]]), border = false, fill_color = yellow, polygon([[5,2],[9,2],[7,5]]) )$
Draws a quadrilateral.
2D
quadrilateral([x1, y1], [x2, y2],
[x3, y3], [x4, y4])
draws a quadrilateral with vertices
[x1, y1]
, [x2, y2]
,
[x3, y3]
, and [x4, y4]
.
This object is affected by the following graphic options:
transparent
, fill_color
, border
, line_width
,
key
, xaxis_secondary
, yaxis_secondary
, line_type
,
transform
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( quadrilateral([1,1],[2,2],[3,-1],[2,-2]))$
3D
quadrilateral([x1, y1, z1], [x2, y2,
z2], [x3, y3, z3], [x4, y4, z4])
draws a quadrilateral with vertices [x1, y1, z1]
,
[x2, y2, z2]
, [x3, y3, z3]
,
and [x4, y4, z4]
.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: line_type
,
line_width
, color
, key
, enhanced3d
and
transform
.
Draws rectangles in 2D.
2D
rectangle ([x1,y1], [x2,y2])
draws a rectangle with opposite vertices
[x1,y1]
and [x2,y2]
.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: transparent
,
fill_color
, border
, line_width
, key
,
line_type
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(fill_color = red, line_width = 6, line_type = dots, transparent = false, fill_color = blue, rectangle([-2,-2],[8,-1]), /* opposite vertices */ transparent = true, line_type = solid, line_width = 1, rectangle([9,4],[2,-1.5]), xrange = [-3,10], yrange = [-3,4.5] )$
Plots a region on the plane defined by inequalities.
2D
expr is an expression formed by inequalities and boolean operators
and
, or
, and not
. The region is bounded by the rectangle
defined by [minval1, maxval1] and [minval2, maxval2].
This object is affected by the following graphic options: fill_color
,
key
, x_voxel
and y_voxel
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( x_voxel = 30, y_voxel = 30, region(x^2+y^2<1 and x^2+y^2 > 1/2, x, -1.5, 1.5, y, -1.5, 1.5));
Draws 3D functions defined in spherical coordinates.
3D
spherical(radius, azi, minazi, maxazi, zen,
minzen, maxzen)
plots the function radius(azi,
zen)
defined in spherical coordinates, with azimuth azi taking
values from minazi to maxazi and zenith zen taking values
from minzen to maxzen.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: xu_grid
,
yv_grid
, line_type
, key
, wired_surface
, enhanced3d
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(spherical(1,a,0,2*%pi,z,0,%pi))$
Draws a triangle.
2D
triangle ([x1,y1], [x2,y2], [x3,y3])
draws a triangle with vertices [x1,y1]
, [x2,y2]
,
and [x3,y3]
.
This object is affected by the following graphic options:
transparent
, fill_color
, border
, line_width
,
key
, xaxis_secondary
, yaxis_secondary
, line_type
,
transform
and color
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d( triangle([1,1],[2,2],[3,-1]))$
3D
triangle ([x1,y1,z1], [x2,y2,z2], [x3,y3,z3])
draws a triangle with vertices [x1,y1,z1]
,
[x2,y2,z2]
, and [x3,y3,z3]
.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: line_type
,
line_width
, color
, key
, enhanced3d
and transform
.
Draws a tube in 3D with varying diameter.
3D
[xfun,yfun,zfun]
is the parametric curve with parameter p taking values from pmin
to pmax. Circles of radius rfun are placed with their centers on
the parametric curve and perpendicular to it.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: xu_grid
,
yv_grid
, line_type
, line_width
, key
, wired_surface
, enhanced3d
,
color
and capping
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d( enhanced3d = true, xu_grid = 50, tube(cos(a), a, 0, cos(a/10)^2, a, 0, 4*%pi) )$
Draws vectors in 2D and 3D.
This object is affected by the following graphic options: head_both
,
head_length
, head_angle
, head_type
, line_width
,
line_type
, key
and color
.
2D
vector([x,y], [dx,dy])
plots vector
[dx,dy]
with origin in [x,y]
.
Example:
(%i1) draw2d(xrange = [0,12], yrange = [0,10], head_length = 1, vector([0,1],[5,5]), /* default type */ head_type = 'empty, vector([3,1],[5,5]), head_both = true, head_type = 'nofilled, line_type = dots, vector([6,1],[5,5]))$
3D
vector([x,y,z], [dx,dy,dz])
plots vector [dx,dy,dz]
with
origin in [x,y,z]
.
Example:
(%i1) draw3d(color = cyan, vector([0,0,0],[1,1,1]/sqrt(3)), vector([0,0,0],[1,-1,0]/sqrt(2)), vector([0,0,0],[1,1,-2]/sqrt(6)) )$
Default value: gnuplot_pipes
When draw_renderer
is set to 'vtk
, the VTK interface is used for draw.
Next: Functions and Variables for pictures, Previous: Introduction to draw, Up: draw [Contents][Index]